The United Negro Improvement Association, founded in 1914 in Jamaica by Marcus Garvey, the group’s influence proliferated the urban, Northern United States after his move to Harlem in 1916. A call to Black nationalism, unconvinced of the likelihood of integration, the association’s attentions were centered around racial pride, economic sufficiency, and repatriation to Africa. In 1919, the Black Star Line shipping company was established for trade and travel but was dismantled in 1923 when Garvey was indicted on fraud charges. In 1927 Garvey was pardoned and deported to Jamaica, but his influence is still widely felt throughout the world. Garvey was spreading the “Black is Beautiful” gospel decades prior to the Civil Rights Movement.
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